The Burevestnik

The Burevestnik is a Russian name for a bird species. It corresponds to the petrel in English. The name itself carries a meaning. It stands for an announcer or herald of storms. The bird is known for its ability to fly long distances and to be able to defy the natural elements. Maxim Gorky, one of Russia’s greater writers and poets, composed a rhythmic blank verse about the bird. He describes a petrel or the burevestnik soaring up in the skies in expectation of the gathering storm while other species of birds – be it seagulls or penguins – are trying to find shelter. Maxim Gorky depicts the petrel or the Burevestnik not because of the bird’s natural features; rather, he points to the bird as to a rebellious or defiant human character that is in constant quest of change, of victory, of challenge.

A few days ago Russia’s President Vladimir Putin announced a successful test concerning a new missile by the name of Burevestnik. The technological novelty consists in the engine: the missile is powered by a nuclear reactor. The fact that it is powered but a nuclear reactor makes it possible for the rocket to stay in flight for a very, unimaginably very, long time. That in turn means that it can be positioned anywhere around the globe in air and keep flying back and forth, in circles or along any trajectory, and remain on constant alert. Apart from receiving signals from Moscow, it is most likely equipped with AI. The Burevestnik is not supersonic, but its maneuverability makes it difficult to detect, let alone to be intercepted or downed. Russia does not need to rely anymore so much on its submarines located somewhere close to the United States: soon, Russia will be able to position its the Burevestniks in proximity to America. Unlike the nuclear but manned submarines that from time to time need to return to their bases because of the human factor, the said missiles are unmanned. Hence, the only fatigue that one can think of in reference to the Burevestnik is the fatigue of the stuff from which the missile is made, not that of humans.

Besides the Oreshnik and the Sarmat, the Burevestnik is yet another novelty in Russia’s missile arsenal. The announcement of the rocket’s successful tests may have been intended as a means to force the West to sit down at the negotiating table over the conflict in Ukraine. The announcement about the missiles might also be framed as a response to America’s plans of providing Ukraine with Tomahawks. Neither the United States nor Europe have anything comparable with the Burevestnik. The Western leaders might feel ill at ease. That this is so can be proven indirectly by the West’s reaction. Rather than showing an interest in the news, Western diplomats and experts make believe that they couldn’t be bothered about the expanding Russian arsenal. President Donald Trump is reported to have commented that [Putin] “ought to get the war [in Ukraine] ended. A war that should have taken one week is now soon in its fourth year. That’s what he ought to do instead of testing missiles.”

It is also symptomatic and concurrently funny that the experts who admit to not having enough information about the Burevestnik still belittle, devalue or critique its technical capabilities or its usefulness. Let it sink in: they know nothing about the missile and yet they keep talking about its accuracy, duration of flight, usability, purposefulness and, and, and. One of the problems that those experts point to is that the Burevestnik will pollute the environment with radiation. But will it? If the Burevestnik is to be effective, and an effective missile is one that it is hard to locate, then it might be that it is provided with such technology of the engine that makes this engine leave no radiation. Consequently, no radiation trace gives away the position of the rocket. If that is the case, what then?

The Burevestnik has its undersea counterpart which is the nuclear-driven drone – the Poseidon. It, too, can remain in water for a very long time; it, too, is unmanned, and it, too, can lurk somewhere along the American eastern or Western coastline. For the time being these new weapons are unmatched game changers.

The rapacious elites destroy their own countries

It is sad but it is true: the elites or the ruling classes are hellbent on destroying their nations and their states. They are doing it in a variety of ways but they are doing it without a shadow of a doubt. They feel themselves deracinated from their respective nations and as a result they are spinning ideas of being citizens of the world where there are no nations, no races, no religions, and no cultures. Since the members of these elites are rich and influential, they can afford to live in nice and pleasant palaces or hotels, they can afford to travel the world and always have a lodging in a luxurious hotel, be it Nairobi or Karachi, where they are taken very good care of by the servicemen and servicewomen of all skin colours who necessarily speak English and smile all the time in the presence of the affluent travellers.

If a healthy elite could be compared to the head while the elite’s nation – to the rest of the body, then the depraved elites could be compared to the head that is cut off from the rest of the body. And that’s the problem. The head connected to its body feels the body’s pains and ailments acutely and acts on them appropriately. The head that is disconnected from its body feels absolutely nothing. The body may be suffering and ailing, and still the head does not respond to it. It’s even worse: a disconnected elite will tend to experiment with the body submitting it to any and all tests irrespective of whether those tests or experiments are painful, damaging or simply unpleasant.

The Western elites – the Western heads – came upon the ideas of applying to their bodies (nations) ethnic replacement, green economy, and rainbow sexuality. They are really intent on imposing those ‘values’ and they seem to be looking from afar how the experiment is developing. The lower classes are complaining? Let them. They can do nothing about what is being done to them. They are viewed as laboratory mice or laboratory rats. Does an experimenter care what the mice or the rats are feeling while being examined or tested? The British, French, German, Swedish and other guinea-pigs do not like the reality created by their elites, but then they are no more than guinea-pigs. No amount of resistance seems to matter to the experimenters.

That Eastern elites – while following everything that is propagated by their Western counterparts and their Western gurus – provide a kind of added value to this mix: they exploit their nations – their mice and rats – and export most of the money to the banks run by their Western colleagues or they invest that money in property and other goods in the countries run by their Western colleagues. They purchase palaces and yachts, they purchase expensive automobiles or invest in the shares issued by Western entrepreneurs or the bonds of the Western governments. We all remember Russian oligarchs who have invested in… the British football clubs. Why couldn’t they invest in the Russian football teams?

Why? They had amassed fortunes in their countries, exploiting (stealing from) their own nations – their co-citizens – so why couldn’t they give some of that money back to that same country, their own co-citizens?

Both kinds of of rapacious and disconnected elites are in for a rude awakening. The head cannot live disconnected from the body for a long time. It will, therefore, sooner or later, be replaced.

America has no chance in the Arctic

The conflict between Israel and Hamas is good for Russia. When the Israeli army began its operation in the Gaza Strip and the Houthis began attacking container ships in the Persian Gulf in retaliation, shipments through the Russian Northeast Passage increased rapidly. No wonder: the route is 30% shorter than the one through the Suez Canal, free of terrorists and Somali pirates (who have something to say in the case of the other alternative route – around Africa).

The ice is melting and Russia, having the largest fleet of icebreakers, is modernizing the ports in Murmansk and Sabetta and is expanding old military bases built during times of the Soviet Union in the north. Experts believe that the Arctic Ocean will probably be ice-free by the 2040 summer season due to climate change. Moscow estimates that 44% of the Arctic shelf is under its control, and the oil and gas reserves there are estimated to be worth around 20 trillion dollars. The Arctic has huge energy reserves of global importance. According to the US Geological Survey, around 30% of the world’s natural gas reserves and 13% oil fields (90 billion barrels) lie beyond the Arctic Circle. However, there are technical and financial problems with their production. The extraction of deposits in difficult polar conditions requires modern technologies and enormous investments, which Russia is still often unable to afford.

And this is where the Chinese friends come to the rescue, for whom the Northeast Passage (NSR) is a plan B for the New Silk Road: the Chinese are financing LNG projects, developing cooperation in the construction of satellites to monitor ice density, participating in the modernization of ports and the construction of transhipment terminals. Examples include the participation of CNPC, the largest Chinese oil and gas trading company, and the Chinese Silk Road Fund in the Yamal LNG project, as well as the announced investment in Arctic LNG 2. In the fall of 2024, the Chinese Coast Guard announced its first patrol in the waters of the Arctic Ocean, and the operation was carried out in cooperation with the Russian Coast Guard. Chinese shipping companies and logistics firms are increasingly operating transits via the NSR; specific liner projects (container shipping) and joint ventures with Russian players (e.g. Rosatom cooperation) emerged in 2023-2024.

Meanwhile, America is letting go of its opportunities in the north, is barely expanding its fleet of icebreakers, no new bases are being built and Donald Trump is on a collision course with Canada, the most important partner when it comes to the alternative northern passage through Canadian waters. Period.

Afghanistan

When Joe Biden initiated the chaotic withdrawal of the US army, he may not have been in his right mind. Kabul witnessed Dantesque scenes at its airport while 70,000 Afghan US army personnel who could not be evacuated, and 7 billion dollars worth of military equipment was handed over to the Taliban. That alone merits the name of treason, or at least – disgrace. Still, Joe remained politically unscathed and continued to hold office.

Now Trump says the airfield in Bagram should be recaptured. Why? Because the Taliban should be combated again? Not at all. It’s about big geopolitical plans.

The simple answer is that the airfield is only an hour’s drive from the Chinese factories that manufacture nuclear weapons.

In a broader context, it is also about raw materials. The withdrawal of the USA has opened up space for China, which although not officially recognizing the Taliban government, is conducting intensive economic negotiations with it. Afghanistan has huge reserves of copper, lithium, cobalt, gold, uranium and rare earths – estimated to be worth up to 3 trillion dollars. It is precisely these raw materials that are crucial for the production of batteries, electronics and the development of green energy technology, which is exactly what China needs. One of the Middle Kingdom’s biggest projects in Afghanistan is Mes Aynak – a huge copper mine. But that’s not all. Afghanistan could be a land corridor connecting China with Iran, the Middle East and Europe. That’s why China is investing in roads, railroads and the energy sector there as part of the New Silk Road.

The Taliban are not stupid either and invest in their own country. The most blatant example of this is a huge Taliban project – the Kosh Tepa Canal. Its aim is to transform desert land into fertile agricultural land by diverting water from the Amu Darya River. It is an investment of enormous economic, but also political importance – it shows that the Taliban want to build a state despite the lack of international recognition.

A possible US intervention in Afghanistan would be met with a reaction from China and escalate tensions between Washington and Beijing, which could end in new tariffs and trade wars. China is already limiting the export of rare earths from its own country, for example, which is perhaps why Trump is looking to other countries.

War is a blessing while people are like grass

The war in Ukraine is dragging on. The end is nowhere in sight. It is dragging on and soon it will be entering its fourth year. Reason suggests that Russia with its demographic and industrial potential could put the hostilities to a rapid end. Nothing of the sort is happening. Reason suggests that Ukraine should lay down its arms since there is no way it can regain lost territories, not to speak of winning over its much stronger neighbour. Nothing of the sort is happening. Reason also suggests that the West should work towards ending the hostilities because if Ukraine’s defeat eventually comes, the EU will be politically worse off. Nothing of the sort is happening. Why?

Russia. Russia has been benefiting from the war effort just like the United States benefited from the First World War and the Second World War: at that time American economy was boosted, and so is Russia’s economy today. Russia is benefiting from the war also in terms of its society rallying around the head of the state. Precisely as it was the case with the United States in both world wars, so it is now in the case of Russia: it is not directly affected by the hostilities it. Yes, Russian soldiers are dying or are wounded, but Russian soil and Russian civilians remain for all practical purposes unscathed.

The European Union. The European Union is in decline. A decline caused by its deviant green ideology, by the indiscriminate acceptance of the influx of foreigners, and lastly by its economic problems brought about by the renunciation of cheap Russian gas. The welfare state is becoming overburdened, the governments and heads of state are increasingly unpopular while national and right-wing parties are on the political rise. Not infrequently people take to the streets and show their disdain for their leaders. The European dream is shattered. What then are the EU managers trying to do the save the day? Yes, they are trying to find a scapegoat for all the negative phenomena. This scapegoat is Russia. A very convenient scapegoat. All economic problems can now be blamed on the aggressor from the east, all shortages and shortcomings – on the ‘Mongols’ looming large on the eastern horizon. Europeans ought only to understand what is at stake, and rally round the EU commissioners in a joint attempt to defend the Garden against the Jungle.

The United States. The United States has used the war in Ukraine not only to weaken Russia, but also to subjugate Europe. Yes, Washington knows that Russia will eventually win, but in the process it will lose some of the people, and it will be kept busy, letting Washington more leeway elsewhere in the world. Europe has been conveniently rendered economically impotent, which is another gain for Americans. A competitor has been removed. The competitor’s reliance on Russian energy sources has been significantly lowered. Washington is cherishing high hopes that some of Europe’s industries and businesses will relocate to the United States, which will further deindustrialize the Old Continent and re-industrialize America.

What is the attitude of the three mentioned players to Ukrainians?

Russia. Russia recognizes in Ukrainians brothers by ethnicity. That is one of the reasons why Russian troops steer clear of destroying civilian objects and objects of cultural heritage. Concurrently, Russian troops are fighting hard culling the Banderite-type troops. This alone will render Ukraine less hostile to Russia. Also, the Russian army is destroying Ukraine’s military, thus making it no match to the Russian Federation in the nearest future. The destruction of the civilian infrastructure will make it barely possible for Ukraine to be accepted as a member of the European Union.

The European Union. The European Union couldn’t care less about Ukrainian life though, sure enough, the EU managers say they do. Ukrainian lives are pawns on the geopolitical chessboard and are willingly sacrificed on the altar of combating Russia. And what a paradox! The EU commissioners are gladly embracing ‘refugees’ from Africa and Asia who allegedly escape from war while they would gladly see all Ukrainian able-bodied men drafted into the Ukrainian army and sent to the front! The European Union accepts males from the Third World: why would it rather not accept all Ukrainian men who want to be drafted? True, Europeans are not as yet rounding Ukrainian men up in their cities and sending them back home, but such ideas have emerged now and again, here and there.

The United States. The United States views Ukraine precisely as Europe does: after all it was Zbigniew Brzezinski, the American politician and political thinker, who famously framed the globe as a chessboard. That’s precisely how the big players think about nations and countries: nations are chessmen while their territories are black and white squares of the chessboard. Accordingly, you sacrifice a chessman or you let go of a square as the case may be. The United States is one player, Russia or China is the other. Anything between them is – as we have already said – chessmen and chessboard squares. That’s all there is to it.

That’s also precisely how the managers of the world view the common people and their countries. The European elites may be whipping up war hysteria, but they themselves will not handle rifles or lie in trenches. Far be it from them! Whatever they want to impose on the common man and woman, they themselves prefer not to be affected by. Immigrants by the million for the common European to live with on a daily basis, but the commissioners live in places where they do not need to bother about strangers. Is it any different with war? No. Consider Ukraine’s President Zelensky. How has he experienced the three years of hostilities? He’s been travelling the world over, has been warmly received everywhere, and has given hundreds of interviews and made hundreds speeches, issuing hundreds of statements. How about the members of the Ukrainian government, of Ukraine’s parliament, how about higher officers? Pretty much the same story.

It has always been so throughout human history. Napoleon Bonaparte had half a million soldiers killed, frozen, or maimed in Russian steppes, but he himself made sure to be able to escape from the enemy and the frost in a comfortable coach, wrapped in warm furs. Adolf Hitler and his entourage? After the Red Army had crossed the Oder and was approaching Berlin, he and his ministers and generals must have realized that the end was inevitable and that the end was just round the corner. Some of them must have already taken the decision to commit suicide, and yet in order to prolong their lives by mere three-four months they did not stop the war. Rather, they sent new waves of troops – teenagers and the elderly – and added hundreds of thousands if not millions deaths to the huge overall toll.

For the managers of the world affairs, war is a game, a game that thrills them because it is a game played in reality. It is not a computer game. Augustus II the Strong (1670-1733), Elector of Saxony and King of Poland conspired with Tsar Peter I of Russia to attack Sweden in the latter’s possession on the Baltic. The war, which began in 1700 and lasted till 1721, soon after its outbreak turned to be a catastrophe for Saxony and partly for Russia. Augustus was forced to draft new and new men to either defend his country or help his Russian ally. When someone pointed to him that so many men had died and so many more were about to die, he shrugged his shoulders and merely replied: people are like grass. The more you trample it, the more abundantly it will regrow.

Ribbentrop-Molotov (1939) occurred in the wake of Chamberlain-Hitler (1938)

Russian President Vladimir Putin gave a speech during one of the sessions of the Valdai International Discussion Club (September 29 – October 2). That’s already a traditon: Vladimir Putin is habitually invited to to sessions of the Club, and this year was no exception. The speech was was followed by about two hours of questions from the journalists and the president’s answers. In both parts of his presence at Valdai, the Russian President laid down Russia’s point of view, Russia’s expectations, and Russia’s intentions.

[1] The world should be rid of military blocs. They have no purpose. Or – if there needs to be a military bloc – let it be one big military bloc – like NATO – but inclusive of all countries. Russia twice attempted to become a member of the Atlantic alliance: in 1954 (the being a part of the Soviet Union), and then in 2000. In either case Russia’s proposals have been turned down. Why? President Putin recounted his 2000 meeting with President Clinton and his suggestion concerning Russia’s NATO membership. The American president was willing to accept the proposal in the morning, only to turn it down later in the day, saying that the time was not right yet. Why? When would the time be right? asked Russia’s president.

[2] In anti-Russian narrative the West is glaringly biased in its actions and unfair in its propaganda. Take the historical policy, said the president. Much fuss is about the so-called Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact of 1939. As a result of this pact signed by foreign ministers of respectively the Third Reich and the Soviet Union Poland was dismembered in the following weeks. Yet, the West glosses over the preceding Munich Agreement of 1938 between the British and French prime ministers Chamberlain and Daladier on the one hand and the rulers of Italy and Germany – Mussolini and Hitler – on the other within the framework of which Czechoslovakia was dismembered within the following weeks. Why do Western propagandists lay emphasis on the former and ignore the latter?

[3] Similarly, if Russia is a paper tiger, as President Donald Trump famously said, and this paper tiger – that is Russia – is successfully fighting in Ukraine against NATO, then what NATO is? asked Vladimir Putin to the amusement of the audience.

[4] Though the war in Ukraine is waged and the collective West appears to be bellicose towards Russia, nonetheless the United States keeps importing Russian uranium for American nuclear power plants, and Russia appears to be America’s second largest provider of this resource. This Russo-American deal should continue, said the Russian president, because it serves the interests of both partners, but why then can’t Western Europe purchase Russian gas? Why does the United States demand that China and India stop purchasing Russian gas and oil? Obviously, the old rule of quod licet Iovi, not licet bovi applies here.

[5] The West is deteriorating, losing its identity, having problems with immigrants and others. So, rather than being focused on Russia, the West ought to deal with its internal problems. The loss of cultural identity has brought about a new phenomenon: an ever larger stream of people from the West is arriving in Russia to settle. One of the most striking examples is the case of Michael Gloss, son of a deputy director of the CIA, who arrived in Russia and voluntarily joined the Russian armed forces to fight against Ukraine. He was accepted, trained and sent to the front where he was killed. He was killed by a Ukrainian drone, while being wounded and trying to help his Russian mate. The Russian authorities granted him an order for bravery and requested Steve Witkoff – President Trump’s special enboy to Moscow – to hand it over to his family. Michael Gloss fought for Russia as he viewed Russia as a guard of traditional values that are shrinking in the West. They are shrinking so rapidly and have shrunk so much that even those Russian intellectuals – said Vladimir Putin – who have always dreamt about the West as paradise, as a model for Russia, as the Garden of Eden, began to say that the Europe that they have loved so much is no more.

[6] The Russian President revealed Ukrainian losses: in September 2025 alone Ukraine had 44.700 casualties of which 50% were irretrievable. During the same time Kiev could send to the front 18.000 of those drafted and 14.000 from hospitals as replacements, which means that the Ukrainian Army was short of 11.000 troops. The Russian President also said that between January and August of the current year as many as 150.000 Ukrainian soldiers deserted the ranks. Some surrendered willingly to the Russian troops, although that was a hard task on their part because they were often killed by drones operated by mercenaries who do not care about Ukrainian lives.

[7] Vladimir Putin said that Russia along with China and India and others do not want to dethrone the dollar: the fact that Russia, China and India and other countries are beginning to use other currencies in their trade is a simple result of the West’s financial policy that leaves Russia, and China, and others no other way as to bypass the dollar.

[8] President Vladimir Putin praised President Donald Trump and said, indeed, that he believed that the war would not have broken out had Donald Trump been the American president; and, yes – said the president – Donald Trump is a man who has the ability to listen to his interlocutor, to hear him out, and grasp his point of view.

[9] Unfortunately, just as once it was the Soviet Union that would impose its ideology on other countries, now this attitude has been adopted by the United States in Washington’s attempt to homogenize the world and create it in America’s image.

[10] At a point during the questions-and-answers part, Vladimir Putin confessed to being an ardent reader of poetry, especially Alexander Pushkin. From a volume of his poetry the Russian president read out loud a larger fragment of the poem that Pushkin entitled The Anniversary of (the Battle of) Borodino (Бородинская годовщина). The text refers to the age-long dream of the West to subjugate Russia. The poem was composed in 1831 and occasioned by the 1830-31 Polish anti-Russian uprising, which had the political and moral backing of the West. The message that the Russian president wanted to put across was that the strife between the West and Russia is of very long standing.

The 1776 American Declaration of Independence paved the way for the separation of Donbass and Crimea

On 27 September 2025, Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov made a speech during the session of the United Nations. It is not the first time that a Russian diplomat has had a speech there. Older generations will have remembered the speech given by Nikita Khrushchev and especially those delivered by Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko, who held his post for almost three decades. Yes, officially they were Soviet functionaries, but the former was Ukrainian, the latter – Russian by ethnicity. Yet, speeches by Sergei Lavrov have a new quality to them. Those of the readers whose memory reaches sufficiently far back would never have expected at that time a Soviet diplomat to say a word in defence of a religious faith, least of all of the Christian faith. Now Minister Sergei Lavrov did precisely that: in his speech he stood up for the rights of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) and for the Serbian Orthodox Church. Can the older readers imagine anything like that many decades ago?

This mention of the two orthodox churches was a detail in the long speech and it took up no more than two sentences. Nor was it particularly important among the issues that Minister Sergei Lavrov listed. We draw the reader’s attention to this detail to one more time show the magnitude of changes that have taken place in Russia and the stubborn refusal of some parts of the world to recognize those changes. Yes, present-day Russia is almost every bit as traditional and religious as tsarist or imperial Russia. It was the tsars who felt obliged to defend Orthodox Christianity against suppression, be it in the Balkans or in the Middle East. The Russian Federation is a continuation of that political course.

You might say that Russia – like the lost sheep – is back in the fold of the Christian nations of Europe. You might say that only that you can’t – on second thoughts. Now Europe, especially Western Europe, ceased being Christian, so Russia is again in the out-group.

It was not without grounds that Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said in the same speech that there are forces in the world who insist on dividing nations and countries into two opposing groups, into us against them, into the garden (the European Union) and the jungle (the rest of the world), into democracies and autocracies, into those who have the right to feel secure and those who do not, into those – the golden billion – who can enjoy life to the full and those who are expected to serve the golden billion, into those who sit at the table and those who are on the menu. Citing Josep Borrell (though not mentioning his name) about the division into the garden and the rest of the world, Minister Sergei Lavrov called out the conceitedness of the Western world, which does not want to recognize the rights of other countries to determine their national interests and to pursue them. Rather, the Western world uses its economic and military might to either provoke internal strife in a target country or to intervene there militarily. The list of the afflicted countries is long – Yugoslavia, Iraq, Libya, Palestine, Iran, Qatar, Yemen, Syria, Lebanon – and growing. All this is being done in violation of the UN Charter, in the light of which all countries should be allowed to have their just place in the concert of nations irrespective of their military might, the number of inhabitants or the extent of their territory.

The United Nations Charter enshrines also the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of sovereign states along with the principle of the integrity of sovereign territories. Sadly, the opposite is true. A string of colour revolutions and arbitrary sanctions have become the main instrument of Western diplomacy, said Sergei Lavrov. The recognition of Kosovo as an independent state is a strike against Serbia’s territorial integrity. At present the West is directing its efforts at Bosnia and Herzegovina with the aim of infringing upon the rights of the Serbian part of the population, a step which is in violation of the the Dayton Peace Agreement (Dayton Accords).

Hold on, for a moment! you might say at this point. How does Sergei Lavrov dare to mention the non-infringement of territorial integrity if the Russian Federation has annexed Crimea and then the four eastern provinces of Ukraine. As if in anticipation of this question Sergei Lavrov quoted the 1776 (American) Declaration of Independence, where it is stated that governments are only legitimate if they have the consent to govern from the governed. Now the populations of Donbass and Crimea refused to recognize the regime that came to power in 2014 because it gained power by means of a coup d’état rather than the will of the governed, and also because it banned the Russian language – the language of at least half of the inhabitants of Ukraine and all of Donbass and Crimea – from schools, the mass media and culture. The Kiev regime could thus be equated with the colonial authorities that used to rule over Africa and parts of Asia: just like those colonial powers, the Kiev government acted against the governed, and was not elected by the governed. The same rule, Minister Lavrov stressed (the one contained in the Declaration of Independence), has also been enshrined in the UN Charter.

A remark as an end note. The Ukrainian representatives had demonstrably earphones to let the whole world know that they needed an interpretor for the Russian language, in which Minister Lavrov spoke. The chances that they do not speak Russian or even that Russian is not their mother tongue are very slim. The earphones might have also been used to get the message across how desperate for independence Ukraine is, fighting against the Russian oppressor. But bear in mind that during the time of the Soviet Union, Ukraine – although a constituent republic of the Soviet Union – was a member of and consequently had its own seat in the United Nations (along with Belarus). At that time Russia as such was not represented in the United Nations: it was the Soviet Union that was. Though some equate the Soviet Union with Russia or Russia with the Soviet Union, these two entities overlap only to a certain extent. This overlap is comparable to something like that of the United Kingdom (corresponding to the Soviet Union in that it made up of England, Wales, Scotland and North Ireland) and England (an equivalent of Russia). None of the constituents of the United Kingdom has its representatives in the United Nations.